Consider environment, energy demands, self-discharge rate and energy density when selecting batteries for remote wireless devices. This feature originally appeared in the ebook Automation 2022: IIoT and Industry 4.0 (Volume 3).
Battery-powered remote wireless devices are taking industrial automation to increasingly remote locations and extreme environments. The growing list of applications includes supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), process control, asset tracking and management, safety systems, field equipment status, flow monitoring, machine-to-machine (M2M), artificial intelligence (AI), and wireless mesh networks. Identifying the ideal power source for a remote wireless device requires a fundamental understating of each application’s unique power requirements, then selecting the ideal battery based on its performance capabilities. This decision-making process typically centers around five key considerations:
If a wireless device is easily accessible and operates within a reasonably mild temperature range, it may allow for the use of an inexpensive consumer-grade alkaline or lithium battery. However, the performance requirements for a battery are far different for long-term deployments in hard-to-access and hostile environments. These devices must conserve energy by operating mainly in a standby state, drawing microamps of average current with periodic high pulses in the multi-amp range to power wireless communications. These low-power devices are predominantly powered by industrial grade lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2 ) batteries (Figure 1) that feature very high capacity, high energy density, an extended temperature range, and an exceptionally low annual self-discharge rate. A relatively small number of remote wireless devices draw milliamps of average current with pulses in the multi-amp range, draining enough average energy to prematurely exhaust a primary (nonrechargeable) battery. These niche applications are often better suited for an energy harvesting device in combination with an industrial grade Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery to generate high pulses.
Numerous primary lithium battery chemistries are available (Table 1), each offering unique advantages and disadvantages. At one end of the spectrum are inexpensive alkaline batteries that deliver high continuous energy but suffer from a very high self-discharge rate (which limits battery life) as well as low capacity and energy density (which adds size and bulk). In addition to being short-lived, consumergrade alkaline cells cannot operate in extreme temperatures due to their water-based constituents. For this reason, many remote wireless devices are powered by industrial-grade lithium batteries. Figure 1: Bobbin-type LiSOCl2 batteries are preferred for remote wireless applications, delivering high energy density, up to 40- year service life, and the widest possible temperature range, making them ideal for use in inaccessible locations and extreme environments. Table 1: Numerous primary lithium battery chemistries are available. As the lightest non-gaseous metal, lithium features an intrinsic negative potential that exceeds all other metals, delivering the highest specific energy (energy per unit weight), highest energy density (energy per unit volume), and higher voltage (OCV) ranging from 2.7 to 3.6 V. Lithium battery chemistries are also non-aqueous and therefore less likely to freeze in very cold temperatures. Among all commercially available primary lithium chemistries, bobbin-type lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2 ) stands apart as being overwhelmingly preferred for ultra-long-term deployments. Bobbintype LiSOCl2 chemistry delivers the highest capacity and highest energy density of all, endures extreme temperatures (-80°C to 125°C), and features an annual self-discharge rate as low as 0.7 percent per year that enables up to 40-year battery life. Bobbin-type LiSOCl2 batteries are specifically designed for use with low-power communications protocols such as WirelessHART, ZigBee, and LoRa, to name a few. The main performance benefits of bobbin-type LiSOCl2 batteries include:
A remote wireless device is only as reliable as its battery, so design engineers must specify the ideal power source based on a number of factors, including: the amount of energy consumed in active mode (including the size, duration, and frequency of pulses); energy consumed in standby mode (the base current); storage time (as normal self-discharge during storage diminishes capacity); thermal environments (including storage and in-field operation); equipment cut-off voltage (as battery capacity is exhausted, or in extreme temperatures, voltage can drop to a point too low for the sensor to operate). Often, the most critical consideration can be the battery’s annual self-discharge rate, as the amount of current consumed by self-discharge can exceed the amount of energy required to operate the device. All batteries experience some amount of self-discharge as chemical reactions draw current even while the cell is unused or disconnected. Self-discharge can be minimized by controlling the passivation effect, whereby a thin film of lithium chloride (LiCl) forms on the surface of the lithium anode, separating it from the electrode to reduce the chemical reactions that cause self-discharge. Whenever a current load is placed on the cell, the passivation layer causes initial high resistance and a temporary drop in voltage until the discharge reaction begins to dissipate the passivation layer—a process that continually repeats each time a load is applied. Passivation can be affected by the cell’s current discharge capacity, the length of storage, storage temperature, discharge temperature, and prior discharge conditions, as partially discharging a cell and then removing the load increases the level of passivation over time. Controlling passivation is ideal for minimizing self-discharge but too much of it can overly restrict energy flow. Competing bobbin-type LiSOCl2 cells vary considerably in terms of their self-discharge rate. For example, the highest quality LiSOCl2 batteries can feature a self-discharge rate as low as 0.7% per year, able to retain nearly 70 percent of their original capacity after 40 years. Conversely, lower quality LiSOCl2 cells can have a self-discharge rate as high as 3 percent per year, exhausting nearly 30 percent of their available capacity every 10 years, limiting maximum battery life to 10-15 years.
To support two-way wireless communications and other advanced functionality, remote wireless devices must generate periodic high pulses up to 15 A. Standard bobbin-type LiSOCl2 cells normally cannot deliver high pulses due to their low-rate design. However, they can be easily modified with the addition of a patented hybrid layer capacitor (HLC) (figure 2). This hybrid solution uses the standard bobbin-type LiSOCl2 cell to deliver low-level background current during standby mode while the HLC delivers the high pulses required to support data queries and transmission. As an added benefit, the HLC features a unique end-of-life voltage plateau that can be interpreted to deliver low battery status alerts. Supercapacitors perform a similar function with consumer products but are generally ill-suited for industrial applications due to serious limitations including short-duration power, linear discharge qualities that do not allow for the use of all available energy, low capacity, low energy density, and very high self-discharge rates up to 60 percent per year. Supercapacitors linked in series require the use of expensive cell-balancing circuits that add bulk and drain additional current to further shorten their operating life. Figure 2: Bobbin-type liSOCl2 batteries can be combined with a patented hybrid layer capacitor (HLC) to deliver up to 40-year service life along with the high pulses required for two-way wireless communications.
When designing for a long-term deployment in a highly remote location or extreme environment, it pays to spend a little more for a superior grade battery that can last for the entire lifetime of the device, thus eliminating the need for costly battery change-outs. Accomplishing this cost-saving goal requires careful due diligence as lithium batteries are not created equal. For example, the annual self-discharge rate of a bobbin-type LiSOCl2 battery can vary significantly based on how it is manufactured and the quality of the raw materials. Unfortunately, a lower quality cell with a high self-discharge rate may be hard to distinguish as capacity losses are not easily measurable for years and theoretical battery life expectancy models tend to underestimate the passivation effect as well as long-term exposure to extreme temperatures. To properly compare competing battery brands, users must demand fully documented and verifiable test results along with in-field performance data under similar loads and environmental conditions. Learning about the subtle differences between seemingly identical cells can pay huge dividends by reducing your long-term cost of ownership. This feature originally appeared in the ebook Automation 2022: IIoT and Industry 4.0 (Volume 3).
Sol Jacobs is vice president and general manager at Tadiran Batteries.
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